2658-6533Research Results in Biomedicine2658-653310.18413/2658-6533-2021-7-3-0-92501Medicine (miscellaneous)<strong>The contribution of the endocrine system to the development of osteoporosis in the elderly and senile (review)</strong><strong>The contribution of the endocrine system to the development of osteoporosis in the elderly and senile (review)</strong>BulgakovaSvetlana V.BulgakovaSvetlana V.osteoporosis63@gmail.comKurmaevDmitriy P.KurmaevDmitriy P.geriatry@mail.ruSilyutinaMarina V.SilyutinaMarina V.marinad57@mail.ruVoroninaElena A.VoroninaElena A.depart@dsznko.ruNichikTatyana E.NichikTatyana E.depart@dsznko.ru20217300

Background:&nbsp;Osteoporosis is increasingly found in the elderly and senile, maintaining its enormous medical and social significance. The effect of hormones on bone metabolism is beyond doubt. However, currently the data on the effect of sex hormones on bone tissue prevails. As for the other hormones, sometimes, there are conflicting opinions. The aim of the study:&nbsp;Based on published data, to study the contribution of the endocrine system to the development of osteoporosis in the elderly. Materials and methods:&nbsp;Literature data was analyzed using the following search words: osteoporosis, bone mineral density, FSH, estrogens, testosterone, cortisol, vitamin D, IGF1 for 1998-2020 in computer databases PubMed, Scopus, Medical-Science, Elibrary, Web of Science, Ceeol. Results:&nbsp;Analysis of the literature showed that the increase of levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) plays an osteoprotective role; the decrease of levels of estrogen, testosterone, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and vitamin D, as well as the increase in the levels of cortisol, parathyroid hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) contribute to bone loss in the elderly and senile. In addition, the FSH receptor (FSHR) genotype AA rs6166 is associated with low bone mineral density, regardless of estrogen level. A polyclonal antibody with an FSHR-binding sequence against mouse &beta;-subunit of FSH is likely to be an effective tool for reducing bone loss in mice subjected to ovariectomy. Conclusion:&nbsp;A comprehensive assessment of the hormonal profile in the elderly and senile is needed to identify the causes of osteoporosis and the formation of an individual program of medical diagnostic and rehabilitation measures. Currently, there are all prerequisites for the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic interventions for the correction of low bone density.

Background:&nbsp;Osteoporosis is increasingly found in the elderly and senile, maintaining its enormous medical and social significance. The effect of hormones on bone metabolism is beyond doubt. However, currently the data on the effect of sex hormones on bone tissue prevails. As for the other hormones, sometimes, there are conflicting opinions. The aim of the study:&nbsp;Based on published data, to study the contribution of the endocrine system to the development of osteoporosis in the elderly. Materials and methods:&nbsp;Literature data was analyzed using the following search words: osteoporosis, bone mineral density, FSH, estrogens, testosterone, cortisol, vitamin D, IGF1 for 1998-2020 in computer databases PubMed, Scopus, Medical-Science, Elibrary, Web of Science, Ceeol. Results:&nbsp;Analysis of the literature showed that the increase of levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) plays an osteoprotective role; the decrease of levels of estrogen, testosterone, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and vitamin D, as well as the increase in the levels of cortisol, parathyroid hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) contribute to bone loss in the elderly and senile. In addition, the FSH receptor (FSHR) genotype AA rs6166 is associated with low bone mineral density, regardless of estrogen level. A polyclonal antibody with an FSHR-binding sequence against mouse &beta;-subunit of FSH is likely to be an effective tool for reducing bone loss in mice subjected to ovariectomy. Conclusion:&nbsp;A comprehensive assessment of the hormonal profile in the elderly and senile is needed to identify the causes of osteoporosis and the formation of an individual program of medical diagnostic and rehabilitation measures. Currently, there are all prerequisites for the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic interventions for the correction of low bone density.

osteoporosisbone mineral densityTSHFSHestrogenstestosteronecortisolvitamin DIGF1osteoporosisbone mineral densityTSHFSHestrogenstestosteronecortisolvitamin DIGF1Список литературыNoh JY, Yang Y, Jung H. Molecular Mechanisms and Emerging Therapeutics for Osteoporosis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020;21(20):7623. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21207623S&ouml;zen T, &Ouml;zışık L, Başaran N&Ccedil;. An overview and management of osteoporosis. European Journal of Rheumatology. 2017;4(1):46-56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5152/eurjrheum.2016.048Cannarella R, Barbagallo F, Condorelli RA, et al. Osteoporosis from an Endocrine Perspective: The Role of Hormonal Changes in the Elderly. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2019;8(10):1564. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8101564Compston JE, McClung MR, Leslie WD. Osteoporosis. The Lancet. 2019;393(10169):364-376. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32112-3Brunetti G, D&rsquo;Amato G, Chiarito M, et al. An update on the role of RANKL-RANK/osteoprotegerin and WNT-&szlig;-catenin signaling pathways in pediatric diseases. World Journal of Pediatrics. 2019;15:4-11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12519-018-0198-7.Delitala AP, Scuteri A, Doria C. Thyroid Hormone Diseases and Osteoporosis. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020;9(4):1034. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9041034Eller-Vainicher C, Falchetti A, Gennari L, et al. Diagnosis of endocrine disease: Evaluation of bone fragility in endocrine disorders. European Journal of Endocrinology. 2019;180:R213-R232. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-18-0991Pan JM, Wu LG, Cai JW, et al. Dexamethasone suppresses osteogenesis of osteoblast via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo. Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction. 2019;39:80-86. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10799893.2019.1625061.Lane NE. Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis: New Insights into the Pathophysiology and Treatments. Current Osteoporosis Reports. 2019;17:1-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11914-019-00498-x.Tourkova IL, Liu L, Sutjarit N, et al. Adrenocorticotropic hormone and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 enhance human osteogenesis in vitro by synergistically accelerating the expression of bone-specific genes. Laboratory Investigation. 2017;97:1072-1083. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/labinvest.2017.62.F&ouml;ger-Samwald U, Dovjak P, Azizi-Semrad U, et al. Osteoporosis: Pathophysiology and therapeutic options. EXCLI Journal. 2020;19:1017-1037. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17179/excli2020-2591.Shafieva IA, Bulgakova SV, Vasilkova EV, et al. The influence of HRT on bone mineral density, condition of parodontal complex tissue, clinical implications of articulated syndrome in postmenopausal women. Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council. 2020;(3):139-142. Russian. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21518/2079-701X-2020-3-139-142Bulgakova SV, Romanchuk РI. Sex Hormones and Cognitive Functions: Current Data]. Bulletin of Science and Practice. 2020;6(3):69-95. Russian. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/52/09Rozenberg S, Al-Daghri N, Aubertin-Leheudre M. Is there a role for menopausal hormone therapy in the management of postmenopausal osteoporosis? Osteoporosis International. 2020;31(12):2271-2286. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-020-05497-8Tremollieres F. Assessment and hormonal management of osteoporosis. Climacteric. 2019;22(2):122-126. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13697137.2018.1555582Das N, Kumar TR. Molecular regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone synthesis, secretion and action. Journal of Molecular Endocrinology. 2018;60(3):R131-R155. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1530/JME-17-0308Ulloa-Aguirre A, Zari&ntilde;&aacute;n T, Jard&oacute;n-Valadez E, et al. Structure-Function Relationships of the Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Receptor. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2018;9:707. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2018.00707Pouresmaeili F, Kamalidehghan B, Kamarehei M, et al. A comprehensive overview on osteoporosis and its risk factors. Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management. 2018;14:2029-2049. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/TCRM.S138000Nakamichi Y, Udagawa N, Horibe K, et al. VDR in Osteoblast-Lineage Cells Primarily Mediates Vitamin D Treatment-Induced Increase in Bone Mass by Suppressing Bone Resorption. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2017;32(6):1297-1308. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.3096Yakar S, Werner H, Rosen CJ. Insulin-like growth factors: Actions on the skeleton. Journal of Molecular Endocrinology. 2018;61(1):T115-T137. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1530/jme-17-0298Bulgakova SV, Treneva EV, Zakharova NO, et al. Aging and growth hormone: assumptions and facts (literature review). Russian Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics. 2019;64(12):708-715. Russian. DOI: 10.18821/0869-2084-2019-64-12-708-715Hollowell JG, Staehling NW, Flanders WD, et al. Serum TSH, T (4), and thyroid antibodies in the United States population (1988 to 1994): National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002;87(2):489-499. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.87.2.8182Bremner AP, Feddema P, Leedman PJ, et al. Age-related changes in thyroid function: A longitudinal study of a community-based cohort. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2012;97(5):1554-1562. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2011-3020Waring AC, Harrison S, Samuels MH, et al. Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study. Thyroid function and mortality in older men: A prospective study. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2012;97(3):862-870. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2011-2684Compston J, Cooper A, Cooper C, et al. UK clinical guideline for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Archives of Osteoporosis. 2017;12(1):43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11657-017-0324-5Brancatella A, Marcocci C. TSH suppressive therapy and bone. Endocrine Connections. 2020;9(7):R158-R172. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-20-0167Van den Beld AW, Kaufman J-M, Zillikens MC, et al. The physiology of endocrine systems with aging. The Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology. 2018;6(8):647-658. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30026-3Golds G, Houdek D, Arnason T. Male Hypogonadism and Osteoporosis: The Effects, Clinical Consequences, and Treatment of Testosterone Deficiency in Bone Health. International Journal of Endocrinology. 2017;2017:4602129. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/4602129Decaroli MC, Rochira V. Aging and sex hormones in males. Virulence. 2017;8(5):545-570. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21505594.2016.1259053Tajar A, Huhtaniemi IT, O&rsquo;Neill TW, et al. Characteristics of androgen deficiency in late-onset hypogonadism: Results from the European Male Aging Study (EMAS). Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2012;97(5):1508-1516. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2011-2513Zaidi M, Lizneva D, Kim SM, et al. FSH, Bone Mass, Body Fat, and Biological Aging. Endocrinology. 2018;159(10):3503-3514. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2018-00601Hsu B, Naganathan V, Bleicher K, et al. Reproductive Hormones and Longitudinal Change in Bone Mineral Density and Incident Fracture Risk in Older Men: The Concord Health and Aging in Men Project. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2015;30(9):1701-1708. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.2493Bilezikian JP. Primary Hyperparathyroidism. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2018;103(11):3993-4004. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2018-01225Sosa Henr&iacute;quez M, G&oacute;mez de Tejada Romero MJ. Cholecalciferol or Calcifediol in the Management of Vitamin D Deficiency. Nutrients. 2020;12(6):1617. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061617Zhao JG, Zeng XT, Wang J, et al. Association between calcium or Vitamin D supplementation and fracture incidence in community-dwelling older adults a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association. 2017;318(24):2466-2482. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.19344Eastell R, Rosen CJ, Black DM, et al. Pharmacological Management of Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2019;104(5):1595-1622. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2019-00221Bouillon R, Marcocci C, Carmeliet G, et al. Skeletal and Extraskeletal Actions of Vitamin D: Current Evidence and Outstanding Questions. Endocrine Reviews. 2019;40(4):1109-1151. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2018-00126Langlois JA, Rosen CJ, Visser M, et al. Association between insulin-like growth factor I and bone mineral density in older women and men: The Framingham Heart Study. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1998;83(12):4257-4262. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.83.12.5308Lindsey RC, Rundle CH, Mohan S. Role of IGF1 and EFN-EPH signaling in skeletal metabolism. Journal of Molecular Endocrinology. 2018;61(1):T87-T102. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1530/JME-17-0284Ciccarelli F, De Martinis M, Ginaldi L. Glucocorticoids in Patients with Rheumatic Diseases: Friends or Enemies of Bone? Current Medicinal Chemistry. 2015;22(5):596-603. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/0929867321666141106125051Ginaldi L, De Martinis M, Ciccarelli F, et al. Increased levels of interleukin 31 (IL-31) in osteoporosis. BMC Immunology. 2015;16:60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12865-015-0125-9