2658-6533Research Results in Biomedicine2658-653310.18413/2658-6533-2024-10-4-1-03598Medicine (miscellaneous)<strong>Features of the inflammatory process in patients with social isolation and age-related macular degeneration</strong><br /> &nbsp;<strong>Features of the inflammatory process in patients with social isolation and age-related macular degeneration</strong><br /> &nbsp;FabrikantovOleg L.FabrikantovOleg L.mntk@mntk-tambov.ruPopovaNatalia V.PopovaNatalia V.mntk@mntk-tambov.ruBlinkovYuri Y.BlinkovYuri Y.blinkovYY@kursksmu.netShorokhovaAnastasia A.ShorokhovaAnastasia A.shorohova20015@gmail.comVoroninaAlexandra E.VoroninaAlexandra E.be@orgma.ru202410400

Background: The priority problem of modern gerontology and geriatrics is currently social isolation, which represents an objective individual condition and reflects the absence of social relationships or the rarity of social contacts. Together with the latter, an inflammatory response is actively involved in the formation of social isolation, but it has only been studied in social isolation in isolated publications on changes in the systemic blood flow of classic markers of inflammation &ndash; C-reactive protein and IL-6 &ndash; and has not been considered at all in patients with age-related macular degeneration. The aim of the study: To study the features of the inflammatory process in patients with social isolation and age-related macular degeneration. Materials and methods: 92 60-74 year-old patients with social isolation and age-related macular degeneration, as well as 88 patients of the same age with social isolation without age-related macular degeneration were examined. The identification of social isolation was performed using a modified index of social isolation. Age-related macular degeneration was diagnosed based on the classification criteria of the Age-Related Eye Disease Study and based on the results of a multidisciplinary ophthalmological examination. Inflammation was assessed by the content of C-reactive protein, interleukins and chemokines in peripheral blood. Results: Statistically significantly higher levels of all studied biomarkers of inflammation were found in elderly patients with social isolation and age-related macular degeneration compared with representatives with only social isolation. Especially significantly in patients with social isolation and age-related macular degeneration, the blood content of the chemokines GRO(&alpha;)/CXCL1 and MIP-1(&alpha;)/CCL3 was higher, the expression of which was 18.3&plusmn;1.4 pg/ml and 3.8&plusmn;0.7 pg/ml, respectively, versus 6.4&plusmn;0.9 pg/ml and 1.7&plusmn;0.3 pg/ml in the group of people with social isolation. In patients with social isolation and age-related macular degeneration, the blood content of IL-6 was significantly higher, reaching 50.2&plusmn;2.2 pg/ml versus 24.9&plusmn;1.4 pg/ml in the group of people with social isolation (P&lt;0.001). It should also be noted that the increased level of IL-7 increased to 24.5&plusmn;1.7 pg/ml versus 14.3&plusmn;0.9 pg/ml, respectively (P&lt;0.01). Conclusion: The combination of social isolation and age-related macular degeneration in old age is accompanied by a higher content of all markers of inflammation and, above all, cytokines GRO(&alpha;)/CXCL1, MIP-1(&alpha;)/CCL3 and IL-6, which should be used as markers of social isolation in age-related macular degeneration

Background: The priority problem of modern gerontology and geriatrics is currently social isolation, which represents an objective individual condition and reflects the absence of social relationships or the rarity of social contacts. Together with the latter, an inflammatory response is actively involved in the formation of social isolation, but it has only been studied in social isolation in isolated publications on changes in the systemic blood flow of classic markers of inflammation &ndash; C-reactive protein and IL-6 &ndash; and has not been considered at all in patients with age-related macular degeneration. The aim of the study: To study the features of the inflammatory process in patients with social isolation and age-related macular degeneration. Materials and methods: 92 60-74 year-old patients with social isolation and age-related macular degeneration, as well as 88 patients of the same age with social isolation without age-related macular degeneration were examined. The identification of social isolation was performed using a modified index of social isolation. Age-related macular degeneration was diagnosed based on the classification criteria of the Age-Related Eye Disease Study and based on the results of a multidisciplinary ophthalmological examination. Inflammation was assessed by the content of C-reactive protein, interleukins and chemokines in peripheral blood. Results: Statistically significantly higher levels of all studied biomarkers of inflammation were found in elderly patients with social isolation and age-related macular degeneration compared with representatives with only social isolation. Especially significantly in patients with social isolation and age-related macular degeneration, the blood content of the chemokines GRO(&alpha;)/CXCL1 and MIP-1(&alpha;)/CCL3 was higher, the expression of which was 18.3&plusmn;1.4 pg/ml and 3.8&plusmn;0.7 pg/ml, respectively, versus 6.4&plusmn;0.9 pg/ml and 1.7&plusmn;0.3 pg/ml in the group of people with social isolation. In patients with social isolation and age-related macular degeneration, the blood content of IL-6 was significantly higher, reaching 50.2&plusmn;2.2 pg/ml versus 24.9&plusmn;1.4 pg/ml in the group of people with social isolation (P&lt;0.001). It should also be noted that the increased level of IL-7 increased to 24.5&plusmn;1.7 pg/ml versus 14.3&plusmn;0.9 pg/ml, respectively (P&lt;0.01). Conclusion: The combination of social isolation and age-related macular degeneration in old age is accompanied by a higher content of all markers of inflammation and, above all, cytokines GRO(&alpha;)/CXCL1, MIP-1(&alpha;)/CCL3 and IL-6, which should be used as markers of social isolation in age-related macular degeneration

social isolationage-related macular degenerationinflammationchemokinesinterleukinsC-reactive proteinsocial isolationage-related macular degenerationinflammationchemokinesinterleukinsC-reactive proteinСписок литературыCunningham C, O&rsquo;Sullivan R, Caserotti P, et al. Consequences of Physical Inactivity in older adults: a systematic review of reviews and meta-analyses. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports. 2020;30(5):816-827. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13616Holt-Lunstad J, Steptoe A. Social isolation: an underappreciated determinant of physical health. Current Opinion in Psychology. 2022;43:232-237. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.07.012Patzelt C, Heim S, Deitermann B, et al. Reaching the Elderly: Understanding of health and preventive experiences for a tailored approach &ndash; Results of a qualitative study. BMC Geriatrics. 2016;16(1):210. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-016-0374-3Holt-Lunstad J. Loneliness and Social Isolation as Risk Factors: The Power of Social Connection in Prevention. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine. 2021;15(5):567-573. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/15598276211009454Berg-Weger M, Morley JE. Loneliness in old age: an unaddressed health problem. Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging. 2020;24(3):243-245. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-020-1323-6Leigh-Hunt N, Bagguley D, Bash K, et al. An overview of systematic reviews on the public health consequences of social isolation and loneliness. Public Health. 2017;152:157-171. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2017.07.035Grenade L, Boldy D. Social isolation and loneliness among older people: issues and future challenges in community and residential settings. Australian Health Review. 2008;32(3):468-78. DOI:&nbsp;https://doi.org/10.1071/AH080468Mishra B, Pradhan J, Dhaka S. Identifying the impact of social isolation and loneliness on psychological well-being among the elderly in old-age homes of India: the mediating role of gender, marital status, and education. BMC Geriatrics. 2023;23(1):684. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-023-04384-1Thomas SL, Parker A, Fortune J, et al. Global evidence on falls and subsequent social isolation in older adults: a scoping review. BMJ Open. 2022;12(9):е062124. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-062124Donovan NJ, Blazer D. Social isolation and loneliness in older adults: Review and commentary of a national academies report. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2020;28(12):1233-1244. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2020.08.005Zhang Y, Kuang J, Xin Z, et al. Loneliness, social isolation, depression and anxiety among the elderly in Shanghai: Findings from a longitudinal study. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics. 2023;110:104980. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2023.104980Zhao D, Zhao M, Wang N, et al. Relationships among social isolation, depresion, lonelines and quality of life in the community-dweling elderly. Journal of Nursing Science. 2020;35(15):92-95.Berg-Weger M, Morley JE. Editorial: Loneliness and Social Isolation in Older Adults during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Implications for Gerontological Social Work. Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging. 2020;24(5):456-458. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-020-1366-8Barnes TL, MacLeod S, Tkatch R, et al. Cumulative effect of loneliness and social isolation on health outcomes among older adults. Aging and Mental Health. 2022;26(7):1327-1334. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2021.1940096Barnes TL, Ahuja M, MacLeod S. Loneliness, Social Isolation, and All-Cause Mortality in a Large Sample of Older Adults. Journal of Aging and Health. 2022;34(6-8):883-892. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/08982643221074857Qu X, Ng TK, Wu B. Sex differences in the mediating role of chronic inflammation on the association between social isolation and cognitive functioning among older adults in the United States. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2023;149:106023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106023Konyaev DA, Popova EB, Titov AA, et al. The prevalence of eye diseases in the elderly population is a global problem of modernity. Zdravookhranenie Rossiiskoi Federatsii (Health Care of the Russian Federation, Russian journal). 2021;65(1):62-68. Russian. DOI: https://doi.org/10.47470/0044-197X-2021-65-1-62-68Lev IV, Agarkov NM, Kopylov AE. The ratio of blood interleukin levels in patients with visual deficits and cognitive disorders. Lechebnoe delo. 2023;2:74-80. Russian. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24412/2071-5315-2023-12882Agarkov NM, Yablokov MM, Konyaev DA, et al. Cognitive and anxiety-depressive disorders in patients suffering from age-related macular degeneration and cataracts. Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy. 2021;23(2):83-90. Russian. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17816/brmma71307Burton MJ, Ramke J, Marques AP, et al. The Lancet Global Health Commission on Global Eye Health: vision beyond 2020. The Lancet Global Health. 2021;9(4):E489-E551. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30488-5Matthews T, Rasmussen LJ, Ambler A, et al. Social isolation, loneliness, and inflammation: A multi-cohort investigation in early and mid-adulthood. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. 2024;115:727-736. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2023.11.022Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss: AREDS report no. 8. Archives of Ophthalmology. 2001;119(10):1417-1436. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.119.10.1417Berkman LF, Syme SL. Social networks, host resistance, and mortality: a nine-year follow-up study of Alameda County residents. American Journal of Epidemiology. 1979;109(2):186-204. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112674Rohr S, Wittmann F, Engel C, et al. Social factors and the prevalence of social isolation in a population-based adult cohort. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 2022;57(10):1959-1968. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-021-02174-xShen C, Rolls ET, Cheng W, et al. Associations of Social Isolation and Loneliness With Later Dementia. Neurology. 2022;99(2):е164-е175. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000200583Smith KJ, Gavey S, Riddell NE, et al. The association between loneliness, social isolation and inflammation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 2020;112:519-541. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.02.002Cardona M, Andres P. Are social isolation and loneliness associated with cognitive decline in ageing? Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 2023;15:1075563. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2023.1075563Cho HJ, Seeman TE, Kiefe CI, et al. Sleep disturbance and longitudinal risk of inflammation: Moderating influences of social integration and social isolation in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. 2015;46:319-326. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2015.02.023