2658-6533Research Results in Biomedicine2658-653310.18413/2658-6533-2025-11-3-0-83854Medicine (miscellaneous)<strong>The influence of eating patterns and dietary habits, deficiency of macro- and micronutrients on the reproductive health of women (review)</strong><br /> &nbsp;<strong>The influence of eating patterns and dietary habits, deficiency of macro- and micronutrients on the reproductive health of women (review)</strong><br /> &nbsp;MingareevaKarina N.MingareevaKarina N.mkn1805@mail.ru202511300

Background: Russian and international literature increasingly focuses on identifying modifiable environmental, lifestyle, and nutritional risk factors that affect human reproductive function. Furthermore, it is crucial to recognise that these factors, which impact the reproductive health of both women and men, can have a negative impact on the health of their offspring. Studying the effect of nutrition on the functioning of the reproductive system will make it possible to predict possible disorders and prevent their development in a timely manner. The aim of the study: To summarize the researchers&#39; data on the impact of diet, macro- and micronutrient deficiency on women&#39;s reproductive health. Materials and methods: A retrospective analysis of scientific papers over the past 10 years has been conducted without language restrictions, using the resources of the PubMed, eLibrary, Google Scholar search engines, by keywords. For this generalized analysis, we used publications containing evidence-based experimental and clinical data on the most pressing nutrition issues, dietary preferences and deficiencies of macro- and micronutrients, as well as their impact on the reproductive health of modern women. Results: Numerous studies have shown the interrelation between eating patterns and women&#39;s fertility. The beneficial effect of plant protein on fertility may be due to improved insulin sensitivity and lower postprandial secretion of this hormone compared to animal protein. A link has been proven between a high titre of antibodies to thyroid targets and infertility/reproductive dysfunctions, including a decrease in ovarian reserve. Vitamin D receptors are expressed in many tissues of the reproductive organs: ovaries, endometrium, placenta, pituitary gland and hypothalamus; vitamin D affects various endocrine processes and steroidogenesis of sex hormones. Conclusion: A woman planning a pregnancy should ensure her diet is balanced in terms of the quantity and quality of carbohydrates she consumes, with a high intake of MUFA and PUFA and a low intake of trans fats. Reduce your intake of animal protein and opt for vegetable proteins instead. Ensure that deficiencies of essential trace elements are eliminated, and take additional iodine, vitamin D, folic acid, iron and magnesium in the form of medication or dietary supplements. These measures will significantly increase the percentage of conception, gestation and the birth of healthy offspring

Background: Russian and international literature increasingly focuses on identifying modifiable environmental, lifestyle, and nutritional risk factors that affect human reproductive function. Furthermore, it is crucial to recognise that these factors, which impact the reproductive health of both women and men, can have a negative impact on the health of their offspring. Studying the effect of nutrition on the functioning of the reproductive system will make it possible to predict possible disorders and prevent their development in a timely manner. The aim of the study: To summarize the researchers&#39; data on the impact of diet, macro- and micronutrient deficiency on women&#39;s reproductive health. Materials and methods: A retrospective analysis of scientific papers over the past 10 years has been conducted without language restrictions, using the resources of the PubMed, eLibrary, Google Scholar search engines, by keywords. For this generalized analysis, we used publications containing evidence-based experimental and clinical data on the most pressing nutrition issues, dietary preferences and deficiencies of macro- and micronutrients, as well as their impact on the reproductive health of modern women. Results: Numerous studies have shown the interrelation between eating patterns and women&#39;s fertility. The beneficial effect of plant protein on fertility may be due to improved insulin sensitivity and lower postprandial secretion of this hormone compared to animal protein. A link has been proven between a high titre of antibodies to thyroid targets and infertility/reproductive dysfunctions, including a decrease in ovarian reserve. Vitamin D receptors are expressed in many tissues of the reproductive organs: ovaries, endometrium, placenta, pituitary gland and hypothalamus; vitamin D affects various endocrine processes and steroidogenesis of sex hormones. Conclusion: A woman planning a pregnancy should ensure her diet is balanced in terms of the quantity and quality of carbohydrates she consumes, with a high intake of MUFA and PUFA and a low intake of trans fats. Reduce your intake of animal protein and opt for vegetable proteins instead. Ensure that deficiencies of essential trace elements are eliminated, and take additional iodine, vitamin D, folic acid, iron and magnesium in the form of medication or dietary supplements. These measures will significantly increase the percentage of conception, gestation and the birth of healthy offspring

nutritionmicronutrient deficiencyglycemic indexproteinspolyunsaturated fatty acidsfolic acidiodinevitamin Dironmagnesiumreproductive healthnutritionmicronutrient deficiencyglycemic indexproteinspolyunsaturated fatty acidsfolic acidiodinevitamin Dironmagnesiumreproductive healthСписок литературыUnited Nations. Transforming our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development [Internet]. New York: United Nations; 2015. [cited 2024 Feb 20]. Available from: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld/publicationWorld Health Organization (WHO) Global Strategy for Women&rsquo;s, Children&rsquo;s and Adolescent&rsquo;s Health, 2016-2030 [Internet]. New York: United Nations; 2015. [cited 2024 Dec 2]. Available from: https://www.who.int/life-course/partners/global-strategy/en/Public Health England. Making the case for preconception care [Internet]. 2018. [cited 2024 Dec 10]. Available from: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/729018/Making_the_case_for_preconception_care.pdfJacob CM, Newell M-L, Hanson M. Narrative review of reviews of preconception interventions to prevent an increased risk of obesity and non-communicable diseases in children. Obesity Reviews. 2019;20(S1):5-17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12769Public Health England. Health of women before and during pregnancy: health behaviours, risk factors and inequalities [Internet]. 2019. [cited 2024 Dec 2]. Available from: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/844210/Health_of_women_before_and_during_pregnancy_2019.pdfEbrahim SH, Lo SS-T, Zhuo J, et al. Models of preconception care implementation in selected countries. Maternal Child Health Journal. 2006;10(5 Suppl):37-42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-006-0096-9Wald NJ, Morris JK, Blakemore C. Public health failure in the prevention of neural tube defects: time to abandon the tolerable upper intake level of folate. Public Health Reviews. 2018;39:2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40985-018-0079-6Walani SR, Moley KH. Global Strategies for Change. In: Shawe J, Steegers E, Verbiest S, editors. Preconception Health and Care: A Life Course Approach. Springer; 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31753-9_14Nwachukwu CU, Woad KJ, Barnes N, et al. Maternal protein restriction affects fetal ovary development in sheep. Reproduction and Fertility. 2021;2(2):161-171. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1530/RAF-20-0073Winship AL, Gazzard SE, Cullen-McEwen LA, et al. Maternal low-protein diet programmes low ovarian reserve in offspring. Reproduction. 2018;156(4):299-311. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1530/REP-18-0247Jurczewska J, Szostak-Węgierek D. The influence of diet on ovulation disorders in women &ndash; a narrative review. Nutrients. 2022;14(8):1556. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14081556Skoracka K, Ratajczak AE, Rychter AM, et al. Female fertility and the nutritional approach: the most essential aspects. Advances in Nutrition. 2021;12(6):2372-2386. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmab068Silvestris E, Lovero D, Palmirotta R. Nutrition and female fertility: an interdependent correlation. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2019;10:346. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2019.00346Noli SA, Ricci E, Cipriani S, et al. Dietary carbohydrate intake, dietary glycemic load and outcomes of in vitro fertilization: findings from an observational italian cohort study. Nutrients. 2020;12(6):1568. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061568McGrice M, Porter J. The Effect of low carbohydrate diets on fertility hormones and outcomes in overweight and obese women: a systematic review. Nutrients. 2017;9(3):204. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9030204Caprio M, Infante M, Moriconi E. Very-low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) in the management of metabolic diseases: systematic review and consensus statement from the Italian Society of Endocrinology (SIE). Journal of Endocrinological Investigation. 2019;42(11):1365-1386. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-019-01061-2Mouanness M, Merhi Z. Impact of dietary advanced glycation end products on female reproduction: review of potential mechanistic pathways. Nutrients. 2022;14(5):966. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14050966Cristodoro M, Zambella E, Fietta I, et al. Dietary patterns and fertility. Biology. 2024;13(2):131. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13020131&Ccedil;ekici H, Akdevelioğlu Y. The association between trans fatty acids, infertility and fetal life: A review. Human Fertility. 2018;22(3):154-163. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14647273.2018.1432078Mantzioris E, Muhlhausler BS, Villani A. Impact of the mediterranean dietary pattern on n-3 fatty acid tissue levels&ndash;a systematic review. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids. 2021;176:102387. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2021.102387Molina NM, Jurado-Fasoli L, Sola-Leyva A. Endometrial whole metabolome profile at the eceptive phase: Influence of Mediterranean Diet and infertility. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2023;14:1120988. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1120988Łakoma K, Kukharuk O, Śliż D. The Influence of Metabolic Factors and Diet on Fertility. Nutrients. 2023;15(5):1180. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15051180Chopra S, Arora C, Malhotra A, Khurana SC. Industrially produced trans fat: Usage, health implications, global and indian regulations. Indian Journal of Public Health. 2021;65(1):71-75. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/ijph.IJPH_851_20Wise LA, Rothman KJ, Mikkelsen EM, et al. A prospective cohort study of physical activity and time to pregnancy. Fertility and Sterility. 2012;97(5):1136-1142. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.02.025Mumford SL, Alohali A, Wactawski-Wende J. Dietary protein intake and reproductive hormones and ovulation: the BioCycle study. Fertility and Sterility. 2015;104:e2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.07.005Zhang B, Zhou W, Shi Y, et al. Lifestyle and environmental contributions to ovulatory dysfunction in women of polycystic ovary syndrome. BMC Endocrine Disorders. 2020;20(1):19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-020-0497-6Melnichenko GA, Troshina EA, Platonova NM, et al. Iodine deficiency thyroid disease in the Russian Federation: the current state of the problem. Аnalytical review of publications and data of official state statistics (Rosstat). Consilium Medicum. 2019;21(4):14-20. Russian. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26442/20751753.2019.4.190337Platonov NM. Iodine deficiency: current status. Clinical and experimental thyroidology. 2015;11(1):12-22. Russian. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14341/ket2015112-21Jaisamrarn U, Esteban-Habana MA, Padolina CS, et al. Vitamins and minerals, education, and self-care need during preconception to 1000&thinsp;days of life in Southeast Asia: An expert panel opinion. SAGE Open Medicine. 2023;11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/20503121231173377Bonofiglio D, Catalano S. Effects of Iodine Intake and Nutraceuticals in Thyroidology: Update and Prospects. Nutrients. 2020;12(5):1491. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051491Dedov II, Platonova NM, Troshina EA, et al. Prevention of iodine deficiency diseases: focus on regional targeted programs. Problems of Endocrinology. 2022;68(3):16-20. Russian. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14341/probl13119Troshina EA, Platonova NM, Makolina NP, et al. Regional target program &laquo;Prevention of iodine deficiency diseases for 202X-202X&raquo; (Draft). Problems of Endocrinology. 2022;68(3):21-29. Russian. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14341/probl13120Troshina EA, Platonova NM, Panfilova EA. Dynamics of epidemiological indicators of thyroid pathology in the population of the Russian Federation: an analytical report for the period 2009-2018. Problems of endocrinology. 2021;67(2):10-19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14341/probl12433Platonov NM. Hypothyroidism &ndash; New Aspect of Diagnosis and Therapy. Effective pharmacotherapy. 2022;18(30):38-45. Russian. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33978/2307-3586-2022-18-30-38-45Aghajanova L, Lindeberg M, Carlsson IB, et al. Receptors for thyroid-stimulating hormone and thyroid hormones in human ovarian tissue. Reproductive BioMedicine Online. 2009;18(3):337-47. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s1472-6483(10)60091-0Dosiou C. Thyroid and Fertility: Recent Advances. Thyroid. 2020;30(4):479-486. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2019.0382Aghajanova L, Stavreus-Evers A, Lindeberg M, et al. Thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor and thyroid hormone receptors are involved in human endometrial physiology. Fertility and Sterility. 2011;95(1):230-237. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.06.079Colicchia M, Campagnolo L, Baldini E, et al. Molecular basis of thyrotropin and thyroid hormone action during implantation and early development. Human Reproduction Update. 2014;20(6):884-904. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmu028Vissenberg R, Manders VD, Mastenbroek S, et al. Pathophysiological aspects of thyroid hormone disorders/thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies and reproduction. Human Reproduction Update. 2015;21(3):378-387. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmv004Meng L, Rijntjes E, Swarts HJ, et al. Prolonged hypothyroidism severely reduces ovarian follicular reserve in adult rats. Journal of Ovarian Research. 2017;10:19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13048-017-0314-7Fedail JS, Zheng K, Wei Q, et al. Roles of thyroid hormones in follicular development in the ovary of neonatal and immature rats. Endocrine. 2014;46:594-604. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-013-0092-yColella M, Cuomo D, Giacco A, et al. Thyroid hormones and functional ovarian reserve: systemic vs. peripheral dysfunctions. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020;9(6):1679. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9061679Brown EDL, Obeng-Gyasi B, Hall JE, et al. The Thyroid Hormone Axis and Female Reproduction. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023;24(12):9815. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24129815Zimmermann MB, Boelaert K. Iodine deficiency and thyroid disorders. The Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology. 2015;3(4):286-295. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(14)70225-6Bath SC, Steer CD, Golding J, et al. Effect of inadequate iodine status in UK pregnant women on cognitive outcomes in their children: results from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). The Lancet. 2013;382(9889):331-337. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60436-5Abel MH, Caspersen IH, Meltzer HM, et al. Suboptimal maternal iodine intake is associated with impaired child neurodevelopment at 3 years of age in the norwegian mother and child cohort study. Journal of Nutrition. 2017;147(7):1314-1324. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.117.250456Abel MH, Brandlistuen RE, Caspersen IH, et al. Language delay and poorer school performance in children of mothers with inadequate iodine intake in pregnancy: results from follow-up at 8 years in the Norwegian mother and child cohort study. European Journal of Nutrition. 2019;58(8):3047-3058. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-018-1850-7Rogers LM, Cordero AM, Pfeiffer CM, et al. Global folate status in women of reproductive age: a systematic review with emphasis on methodological issues. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2018;1431(1):35-57. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13963Dwyer JT, Wiemer KL, Dary O, et al. Fortification and health: challenges and opportunities. Advances in Nutrition. 2015;6(1):124-131. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3945/an.114.007443Obeid R, Oexle K, Ri&szlig;mann A, et al. Folate status and health: challenges and opportunities. Journal of Perinatal Medicine. 2016;44(3):261-268. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/jpm-2014-0346Yila TA, Araki A, Sasaki S, et al. Predictors of folate status among pregnant Japanese women: the Hokkaido Study on Environment and Children&#39;s Health, 2002-2012. British Journal of Nutrition. 2016;115(12):2227-2235. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114516001628Menezo Y, Elder K, Clement A, et al. Folic acid, folinic acid, 5 methyl tetrahydrofolate supplementation for mutations that affect epigenesis through the folate and one-carbon cycles. Biomolecules. 2022;12(2):197. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/biom12020197Diaz-Garcia H, Vilchis-Gil J, Castro-Cerritos KV, et al. Association between maternal diet, smoking, and the placenta MTHFR 677C/T genotype and global placental DNA methylation. Placenta. 2024;146:17-24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.placenta.2023.12.017Xu X, Zhang Z, Lin Y, et al. Risk of excess maternal folic acid supplementation in offspring. Nutrients. 2024;16(5):755. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16050755Ferrazzi E, Tiso G, Di Martino D. Folic acid versus 5- methyl tetrahydrofolate supplementation in pregnancy. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. 2020;253:312-319. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.06.012Miraglia N, Dehay E. Folate supplementation in fertility and pregnancy: the advantages of (6s)5-methyltetrahydrofolate. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 2022;28(4):12-17.De Wals P, Tairou F, Van Allen MI, et al. Reduction in neural-tube defects after folic acid fortification in Canada. New England Journal of Medicine. 2007;357(2):135-142. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa067103Hure AJ, Collins CE, Smith R. A longitudinal study of maternal folate and vitamin B12 status in pregnancy and postpartum, with the same infant markers at 6 months of age. Maternal and Child Health Journal. 2012;16(4):792-801. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-011-0782-0Vinaykumar N, Kumar A, Quadros LS, et al. Determining the effect of folate diets during pregnancy and lactation on neuro behavioural changes in the adult life of offspring. Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences. 2019;14(6):523-530. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtumed.2019.09.009Dai C, Fei Y, Li J, et al. A novel review of homocysteine and pregnancy complications. BioMed Research International. 2021;2021:6652231. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6652231Wang H, Mueller NT, Li J, et al. Association of maternal plasma folate and cardiometabolic risk factors in pregnancy with elevated blood pressure of offspring in childhood. American Journal of Hypertension. 2017;30(5):532-540. DOI: https://doi.org/1093/ajh/hpx003Murray LK, Smith MJ, Jadavji NM. Maternal over supplementation with folic acid and its impact on neurodevelopment of offspring. Nutrition Reviews. 2018;76(9):708-721. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuy025Pei P, Cheng X, Yu J, et al. Folate deficiency induced H2A ubiquitination to lead to downregulated expression of genes involved in neural tube defects. Epigenetics and Chromatin. 2019;12(1):69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13072-019-0312-7van Gool JD, Hirche H, Lax H, et al. Folic acid and primary prevention of neural tube defects: A review. Reproductive Toxicology. 2018;80:73-84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2018.05.004Li B, Zhang X, Peng X, et al. Folic acid and risk of preterm birth: a meta-analysis. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 2019;13:1284. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2019.01284Ali MA, Hafez HA, Kamel MA, et al. Dietary vitamin b complex: orchestration in human nutrition throughout life with sex differences. Nutrients. 2022;14(19):3940. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14193940Mishra J, Tomar A, Puri M, et al. Trends of folate, vitamin B12, and homocysteine levels in different trimesters of pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes. American Journal of Human Biology. 2020;32(5):e23388. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.23388Zhou Y, Wang A, Yeung LF, et al. Folate and vitamin B12 usual intake and biomarker status by intake source in United States adults aged &ge;19 y: NHANES 2007-2018. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2023;118(1):241-254. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.05.016Wagh K, Kancherla V, Dorsey A, et al. A global update on the status of prevention of folic acid-preventable spina bifida and anencephaly in year 2022. Birth Defects Research. 2024;116(5):e2343. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/bdr2.2343Holick MF. Sunlight, UV radiation, vitamin d, and skin cancer: how much sunlight do we need? In: Reichrath J, editor. Sunlight, Vitamin D and Skin Cancer. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Springer; 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46227-7_2Szymczak-Pajor I, Miazek K, Selmi A, et al. The action of vitamin d in adipose tissue: is there the link between vitamin d deficiency and adipose tissue-related metabolic disorders? International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022;23(2):956. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23020956Mavar M, Sorić T, Bagarić E, et al. The power of vitamin d: is the future in precision nutrition through personalized supplementation plans? Nutrients. 2024;16(8):1176. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16081176Chen B, Ji P, Wang Q, et al. Vitamin D levels and its influencing factors in pregnant women in mainland China: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2024;19(5):e0297613. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0297613Wacker M, Holick MF. Sunlight and Vitamin D: A global perspective for health. Dermato-Endocrinology. 2013;5(1):51-108. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4161/derm.24494Cunningham TK, Allgar V, Dargham SR, et al. Association of vitamin d metabolites with embryo development and fertilization in women with and without PCOS undergoing subfertility treatment. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2019;10:13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2019.00013Soto JR, Anthias C, Madrigal A, et al. Insights into the role of vitamin d as a biomarker in stem cell transplantation. Frontiers in Immunology. 2020;11:966. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.00966Muscogiuri G, Altieri B, de Angelis C, et al. Shedding new light on female fertility: The role of vitamin D. Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders. 2017;18(3):273-283. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11154-017-9407-2Carlberg C. Vitamin D: A Micronutrient regulating genes. Current Pharmaceutical Design. 2019;25(15):1740-1746. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612825666190705193227Gao B, Zhang C, Wang D, et al. Causal association between low vitamin D and polycystic ovary syndrome: a bidirectional mendelian randomization study. Journal of Ovarian Research. 2024;17(1):95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13048-024-01420-5Jafari M, Khodaverdi S, Sadri M, et al. Association between vitamin d receptor (VDR) and vitamin d binding protein (VDBP) genes polymorphisms to endometriosis susceptibility in iranian women. Reproductive Sciences. 2021;28(12):3491-3497. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s43032-021-00598-zBecker S, Cordes T, Diesing D, et al. Expression of 25 hydroxyvitamin D3-1alpha-hydroxylase in human endometrial tissue. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 2007;103(3-5):771-775. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.12.075Bergad&agrave; L, Pallares J, Arcidiacono MV, et al. Role of local bioactivation of vitamin D by CYP27A1 and CYP2R1 in the control of cell growth in normal endometrium and endometrial carcinoma. Laboratory Investigation. 2014;94(6):608-622. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/labinvest.2014.57Barrera D, Avila E, Hern&aacute;ndez G, et al. Calcitriol affects hCG gene transcription in cultured human syncytiotrophoblasts. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology. 2008;6:3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7827-6-3Farhangnia P, Noormohammadi M, Delbandi AA. Vitamin D and reproductive disorders: a comprehensive review with a focus on endometriosis. Reproductive Health. 2024;21(1):61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-024-01797-yKo JKY, Yung SSF, Lai SF, et al. Effect of vitamin D in addition to letrozole on the ovulation rate of women with polycystic ovary syndrome: protocol of a multicentre randomised double-blind controlled trial. BMJ Open. 2024;14(4):e070801. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-070801Yang M, Shen X, Lu D, et al. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on ovulation and pregnancy in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2023;14:1148556. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1148556Hrabia A, Kamińska K, Socha M, et al. Vitamin D3 receptors and metabolic enzymes in hen reproductive tissues. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023;24(23):17074. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242317074Kontoghiorghes GJ. The importance and essentiality of natural and synthetic chelators in medicine: increased prospects for the effective treatment of iron overload and iron deficiency. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024;25(9):4654. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25094654Perera DN, Palliyaguruge CL, Eapasinghe DD, et al. Factors affecting iron absorption and the role of fortification in enhancing iron levels. Nutrition Bulletin. 2023;48(4):442-457. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/nbu.12643Petraglia F, Dolmans MM. Iron deficiency anemia: Impact on women&#39;s reproductive health. Fertility and Sterility. 2022;118(4):605-606. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2022.08.850Drapkina OM, Martynov AI, Baida AP, et al. Resolution of the expert council &ldquo;Relevant issues of iron deficiency in the Russian Federation&rdquo;. Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention. 2020;19(5):2700. Russian. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15829/1728-8800-2020-2700Yasakov DS, Makarova SG, Fisenko AP, et al. First thousand days of life and vegetarian diets. Medical alphabet. 2021;(21):33-37. Russian. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33667/2078-5631-2021-21-33-37Jain V, Chodankar RR, Maybin JA, et al. Uterine bleeding: how understanding endometrial physiology underpins menstrual health. Nature Reviews Endocrinology. 2022;18(5):290-308. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-021-00629-4Vannuccini S, Jain V, Critchley H, et al. From menarche to menopause, heavy menstrual bleeding is the underrated compass in reproductive health. Fertility and Sterility. 2022;118(4):625-636. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2022.07.021Donnez J, Carmona F, Maitrot-Mantelet L, et al. Uterine disorders and iron deficiency anemia. Fertility and Sterility. 2022;118(4):615-624. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2022.08.011Auerbach M, Gafter-Gvili A, Macdougall IC. Intravenous iron: a framework for changing the management of iron deficiency. The Lancet Haematology. 2020;7(4):e342-e350. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3026(19)30264-9Dobrokhotova YuE, Markova EA. Anemia of pregnant women. Rational prevention. The evidence base. Topical Issues of Women&rsquo;s Health. 2022;1:50-56. Russian. DOI https://doi.org/10.46393/2713122Х_2022_1_50Sangkhae V, Fisher AL, Wong S, et al. Effects of maternal iron status on placental and fetal iron homeostasis. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 20203;130(2):625-640. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI127341Pandur E, Pap R, J&aacute;nosa G, et al. The role of fractalkine in the regulation of endometrial iron metabolism in iron deficiency. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023;24(12):9917. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24129917Schmidt RJ, Tancredi DJ, Krakowiak P, et al. Maternal intake of supplemental iron and risk of autism spectrum disorder. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2014;180(9):890-900. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwu208Krapels IPC, van Rooij IALM, Ock&eacute; MC, et al. Maternal nutritional status and the risk for orofacial cleft offspring in humans. Journal of Nutrition. 2004;134(11):3106-3113. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/134.11.3106Chandler AL, Hobbs CA, Mosley BS, et al.; National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Neural tube defects and maternal intake of micronutrients related to one-carbon metabolism or antioxidant activity. Birth Defects Research Part A: Clinical and Molecular Teratology. 2012;94(11):864-874. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/bdra.23068Sutter C, Freundlich RE, Raymond BL, et al. Effectiveness of oral iron therapy in anemic inpatient pregnant women: a single center retrospective cohort study. Cureus. 2024;16(3):e56879. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.56879Adams JB, Sorenson JC, Pollard EL, et al. Evidence-based recommendations for an optimal prenatal supplement for women in the U.S., part two: minerals. Nutrients. 2021;13(6):1849. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13061849Fiorentini D, Cappadone C, Farruggia G, et al. Magnesium: biochemistry, nutrition, detection, and social impact of diseases linked to its deficiency. Nutrients. 2021;13(4):1136. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041136Mailyan DE, Kolomiyets VV, Reznichenko NA, et al. Risk factors and clinical manifestation of magnesium deficiency in postmenopausal women with hypertension and chronic heart failure. Challenges in Modern Medicine. 2021;44(2):162-173. Russian. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52575/2687-0940-2021-44-2-162-173DiNicolantonio JJ, O&#39;Keefe JH, Wilson W. Subclinical magnesium deficiency: a principal driver of cardiovascular disease and a public health crisis. Open Heart. 2018;5(1):e000668. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/openhrt-2017-000668Gr&ouml;ber U. Magnesium and drugs. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019;20(9):2094. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20092094Maier JAM, Locatelli L, Fedele G, et al. Magnesium and the brain: a focus on neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022;24(1):223. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010223Fritzen R, Davies A, Veenhuizen M, et al. Magnesium deficiency and cardiometabolic disease. Nutrients. 2023;15(10):2355. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15102355Nikitina ЕА, Orlova SV, Batysheva ТТ, et al. Fetal programming as a trend in modern medicine: Magnesium deficiency is the focus. Medical alphabet. 2023;29:8-14. Russian. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33667/2078-5631-2023-29-8-14Auwercx J, Rybarczyk P, Kischel P, et al. Mg2+ Transporters in Digestive Cancers. Nutrients. 2021;13(1):210. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13010210Huang Y, Jin F, Funato Y, et al. Structural basis for the Mg2+ recognition and regulation of the CorC Mg2+ transporter. Science Advances. 2021;7(7):eabe6140. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abe6140Dizhevskaya EV. Exchange of scientific data and expert opinions on pharmacotherapy during pregnancy: traditional and modern approaches. III International Expert Council on the problems of magnesium deficiency in obstetrics and gynecology. Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction. 2015;9(4):93-101. RussianOrlova SV, Nikitina EA, Balashova NV, et al. Assessment of subclinical magnesium deficiency in pregnant women. Meditsinskiy sovet. 2022;5:104-110. Russian. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21518/2079-701X-2022-16-5-104-110Zen&#39;ko LI. The significance of hypomagnesemia in obstetric practice. Eurasian Union of Scientists. Series: medical, biological and chemical sciences. 2023;112(11):26-28. Russian. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31618/ESU.2413-9335.2023.4.112.1925