Currently, medicinal plants are becoming increasingly popular in the treatment and prevention of many human diseases. Every third drug used in modern medical practice is derived from plant materials. Because of poor socio-economic situation and unemployment, local population, including those living near nature reserves, are more intensively using natural resources, including medicinal plants, thereby adversely affecting the conservation of biodiversity. Both science and the public of our distinctive mountainous country are facing a critical challenge of preserving and maintaining important for science and economically valuable species of flora and different types of plant communities as a whole, and their sustainable functioning for the benefit of future generations. One should note: it is viable to preserve not the individual plant species threatened with extinction, but the cenoses with high numbers of these species possessing the characteristic nature of the ecological environment. Biodiversity is one of the main criteria of the ecological balance without which the existence of mankind is impossible. The basis for the conservation of plant and animal biodiversity will be the creation of new protected areas (PAs) and the maintenance of existing protected areas of different rank in all regions of the mountainous country: reserves, national parks, wildlife sanctuaries. A network of PAs is able to ensure the conservation and sustainable maintenance of regional taxonomic, phytocentral and ecological diversity of different types of phytocenoses and their sustainable functioning in the future.