One of the most famous aromatic plants is Juniperus communis L. The biological activity of J. communis L. cone is largely due to the essential oil. It is known that the composition of the essential oil, even within one species, is susceptible to considerable variation, primarily due to environmental features of the plant growth. In our work, we provide a comparative analysis of the chemical composition of the essential oil of J. communis L. cone from different regions of Russia. The chemical composition of the essential oil from 4 regions of Russia was studied with the method of gas chromatography − mass spectrometry. The results indicate a fairly stable component composition of essential oil of J. communis L., but the quantitative indicators of various components in different regions are different. In the composition of essential oils, we can allocate 4 terpenes characteristic groups: bicyclic monoterpenes, monocyclic moneterpenes, monocyclic moneterpenes alchohols, and bicyclic sesquiterepens. The dominant group is bicyclic monoterpenes: α- and β-pinenes and camphene. The minor components of the J. communis L. essential oil include monocyclic monoterpenes, alcohols and sesquiterepenes: o-cymene, α-limonene, terpinen-4-ol, α-terpineol, longifolen and caryophyllene. The component composition of J. communis L. essential oils can be considered a marker that will distinguish it from any other essential oils. The results can be used to objectively assess the quality standards of pharmaceutical medicinal plants – Juniperus cones.