Background: The closest toxic exposure is cigarette smoke, and nowadays smokers are not only men but also women. Although the number of smokers has dropped, cigarettes remain to be an element in the development of many illnesses. Cigarette toxic substances can disrupt cellular balance, including in the reproductive system. The aim of the study: To find out more about the effect of smoking on female reproduction. Materials and methods: Articles were searched in Google Scholar, Sciencedirect, Frontiers, Pubmed and Cochrane databases between 2014-2024 with the keywords "cigarette smoke, e-cigarette, nicotine, female reproductive system, uterus, endometrium, oviduct, ovary, estrogen, folliculogenesis, angiogenesis, and GnRH." Eighteen articles met the inclusion criteria. Results: This research is a literature review with articles selected through inclusion criteria. The results of the data analysis showed an increase in MDA, apoptosis, VEGF, iNOS, and COX-2, as well as a decrease in the number of ovarian follicles, CYP19, YAP, GnRH, AMH, FSH, LH, estradiol, SOD, GPx, CAT, thinning in oviduct thickness and oviduct mucosal folds. Conclusion: Smoke of cigarettes has a variety of harmful effects, including ovotoxicants. Smoking tobacco increases oxidative stress, causes inflammation, increases apoptosis leading to follicle loss, and decreases the synthesis of estrogen, GnRH, FSH, LH, progesterone and estradiol. All this affects female reproduction. There is evidence that smoking disrupts the regulation of reproductive hormones, which affects decreased reproductive functions of the ovaries, uterus, and ovaries. Although it does not affect in vitro fertilization, smoking should still be avoided due to its harmful effects on reproductive cells and hormonal balance. Therefore, given the harmful effects associated with reproduction, it is expected that smoking patterns will decrease
Background: The closest toxic exposure is cigarette smoke, and nowadays smokers are not only men but also women. Although the number of smokers has dropped, cigarettes remain to be an element in the development of many illnesses. Cigarette toxic substances can disrupt cellular balance, including in the reproductive system. The aim of the study: To find out more about the effect of smoking on female reproduction. Materials and methods: Articles were searched in Google Scholar, Sciencedirect, Frontiers, Pubmed and Cochrane databases between 2014-2024 with the keywords "cigarette smoke, e-cigarette, nicotine, female reproductive system, uterus, endometrium, oviduct, ovary, estrogen, folliculogenesis, angiogenesis, and GnRH." Eighteen articles met the inclusion criteria. Results: This research is a literature review with articles selected through inclusion criteria. The results of the data analysis showed an increase in MDA, apoptosis, VEGF, iNOS, and COX-2, as well as a decrease in the number of ovarian follicles, CYP19, YAP, GnRH, AMH, FSH, LH, estradiol, SOD, GPx, CAT, thinning in oviduct thickness and oviduct mucosal folds. Conclusion: Smoke of cigarettes has a variety of harmful effects, including ovotoxicants. Smoking tobacco increases oxidative stress, causes inflammation, increases apoptosis leading to follicle loss, and decreases the synthesis of estrogen, GnRH, FSH, LH, progesterone and estradiol. All this affects female reproduction. There is evidence that smoking disrupts the regulation of reproductive hormones, which affects decreased reproductive functions of the ovaries, uterus, and ovaries. Although it does not affect in vitro fertilization, smoking should still be avoided due to its harmful effects on reproductive cells and hormonal balance. Therefore, given the harmful effects associated with reproduction, it is expected that smoking patterns will decrease
The author thanks the Master of Midwifery Programme, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, for access to literature