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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="ru" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="issn">2658-6533</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Научные результаты биомедицинских исследований</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2658-6533</issn></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18413/2658-6533-2026-12-3-0-7</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">4268</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Клиническая медицина</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>&lt;strong&gt;Генетические предикторы эффективности и безопасности терапии клозапином (обзор)&lt;/strong&gt;</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>&lt;strong&gt;Genetic predictors of efficacy and safety of clozapine therapy (review)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Насырова</surname><given-names>Регина Фаритовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nasyrova</surname><given-names>Regina F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>regina_nmrcpn@mail.ru</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кидяева</surname><given-names>Алла Викторовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kidyaeva</surname><given-names>Alla V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>alla.kid@mail.ru</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Захарова</surname><given-names>Наталья Вячеславовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zakharova</surname><given-names>Natalia V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>nataliza80@bk.ru</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пройдина</surname><given-names>Дарья Сергеевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Proydina</surname><given-names>Darya S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>proydinadaria@mail.ru</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кибирова</surname><given-names>Александра Юрьевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kibirova</surname><given-names>Alexandra Y.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>gi.ponomarenko@yandex.ru</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шнайдер</surname><given-names>Наталья Алексеевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shnayder</surname><given-names>Natalia A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>naschnaider@yandex.ru</email></contrib></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="epub"><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>0</fpage><lpage>0</lpage><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="/media/medicine/2026/3/Биомедисследования-113-131.pdf" /><abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Актуальность: Клозапин остается незаменимым антипсихотиком для пациентов с терапевтически резистентной шизофренией, но его применение может индуцировать нежелательные реакции. Генетические особенности пациентов объясняют межиндивидуальную вариабельность концентрации клозапина в крови. Предсказать эффективность и безопасность клозапина может помочь предиктивное фармакогенетическое тестирование, определяющее носительство однонуклеотидных вариантов генов, кодирующих ключевые ферменты метаболизма и транспорта. Цель исследования: Определить аллельные варианты генов, кодирующих ключевые ферменты метаболизма и ключевые транспортеры клозапина, на основе анализа современной литературы. Материалы и методы: Поиск полнотекстовых статей проведен в библиографических базах PubMed, eLIBRARY.RU, Google Scholar. Результаты: Генотип АА CYP1A2*1F&amp;nbsp;(rs762551) кодирует форму изофермента CYP1A2 с более высокой активностью в присутствии индуктора, такого как курение. Вариант rs2472297 ассоциирован с более высокой активностью изофермента CYP1A2, в большей степени также в присутствии индуктора. Вариант CYP1A2*1C (rs2069514) ассоциирован со сниженной активностью изофермента CYP1A2 и повышением риска развития нежелательных реакций при приеме клозапина, а вариант CYP3A4*22 (rs35599367) &amp;ndash; со сниженной экспрессией этого изофермента. Противоречивы результаты ассоциативных исследований генотипа CYP2C19*2/*2. Не обнаружена связь полиморфизмов гена CYP2D6 со скоростью метаболизма клозапина. Варианты изоферментов UGT2B:GA и UGT1A4*3 не оказали влияния на эффективность клозапина, но были связаны с вариабельностью скорости глюкуронидации клозапина, что может влиять на его токсичность. Обнаружена достоверная связь между минорным аллелем C rs28379954 гена NFIB и сниженной концентрацией клозапина в крови, поэтому пациентам с генотипом rs1045642 CC требуются более высокие дозы этого антипсихотика для достижения тех же концентраций в плазме, что и пациентам с генотипами CT или TT. У пациентов, являющихся носителями нефункциональных вариантов rs2032582 гена ABCB1, отмечался более низкий клиренс клозапина, а rs212090 гена ABCC1 был связан с повышенным уровнем клозапина в сыворотке крови. Нефункциональные варианты rs2231142 гена ABCG2, по-видимому, сильнее всего влияют на экспозицию клозапина в головном мозге за счет значительного замедления его эффлюкса. Заключение: Генетические предикторы изменения скорости метаболизма и эффлюкса клозапина могут быть полезными для разработки персонализированных терапевтических стратегий при лечении психических расстройств с использованием клозапина</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Background: Clozapine remains an indispensable antipsychotic for patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia, but its use can induce adverse drug reactions. Genetic characteristics of patients explain interindividual variability in clozapine concentration in the blood. Predictive pharmacogenetic testing, which determines the carriage of single-nucleotide variants of genes encoding key enzymes of metabolism and transport, can help predict the efficacy and safety of clozapine for a specific patient. The aim of the study: To determine allelic variants of genes encoding key enzymes of metabolism and key transporters of clozapine, based on an analysis of modern literature. Materials and methods: A search for full-text articles was conducted in the bibliographic databases PubMed, eLIBRARY.RU, Google Scholar. Results: The AA genotype of CYP1A2*1F (rs762551) encodes a form of the CYP1A2 isoenzyme with higher activity in the presence of an inducer, such as smoking. The rs2472297 variant is associated with higher activity of the CYP1A2 isoenzyme, to a greater extent also in the presence of an inducer. The CYP1A2*1C (rs2069514) variant is associated with reduced activity of the CYP1A2 isoenzyme and an increased risk of developing adverse drug reactions when taking clozapine, and the CYP3A4*22 (rs35599367) variant is associated with reduced expression of this isoenzyme. The results of association studies of the CYP2C19*2/*2 genotype are contradictory. No association was found between CYP2D6 gene polymorphisms and the rate of clozapine metabolism. UGT2B:GA and UGT1A4*3 isoenzyme variants did not affect the efficacy of clozapine, but were associated with variability in the rate of clozapine glucuronidation, which may affect its toxicity. A significant association was found between the minor C allele of rs28379954 of the NFIB gene and reduced blood clozapine concentrations, so patients with the rs1045642 CC genotype require higher doses of this antipsychotic to achieve the same plasma concentrations as patients with the CT or TT genotypes. Patients carrying nonfunctional variants of rs2032582 in the ABCB1 gene had lower clozapine clearance, and rs212090 in the ABCC1 gene was associated with increased serum clozapine levels. Nonfunctional variants of rs2231142 in the ABCG2 gene appear to have the greatest impact on clozapine exposure in the brain by significantly slowing its efflux. Conclusion: Genetic predictors of changes in clozapine metabolism and efflux may be useful for developing personalized therapeutic strategies in the treatment of psychiatric disorders using clozapine</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>клозапин</kwd><kwd>фармакогенетическое тестирование</kwd><kwd>однонуклеотидный вариант</kwd><kwd>фармакокинетика</kwd><kwd>фармакодинамика</kwd><kwd>безопасность</kwd><kwd>эффективность</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>clozapine</kwd><kwd>pharmacogenetic testing</kwd><kwd>single nucleotide variant</kwd><kwd>pharmacokinetics</kwd><kwd>pharmacodynamics</kwd><kwd>safety</kwd><kwd>efficacy</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>Список литературы</title><ref id="B1"><mixed-citation>Khasanova AK. Pharmacogenetic factors of clozapine-induced metabolic syndrome. Personalized Psychiatry and Neurology. 2023;3(2):38-47. 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