Background:Boesenbergia xiphostachya is a rare species, recently discovered in Vietnam. Information about the chemical compositions and biological properties of distinct parts of this plant is still limited to date. The aim of the study: This study is the first to investigate the chemical composition and antimicrobial properties of acetone extracts and essential oil obtained from samples of B. xiphostachya collected in Vietnam. Materials and methods: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to identify the phytochemical components, while the antimicrobial properties of the essential oil and acetone extracts from the rhizome and aerial parts were determined using a disk diffusion assay. Results: A total of thirty compounds have been identified in the essential oil, in which α-fenchene (41.70%), cyclofenchene (14.75%), camphene (13.47%), and caryophyllene (6.78%) are the major compounds. In addition, the acetone extracts obtained from the aerial part and rhizome comprise twenty-two and twenty-seven compounds, respectively. The major constituents are mainly composed of n-hexadecanoic acid (21.32%), 2-pentanone, 4-hydroxy-4-methyl (19.19%), and phytol (7.78%), while the rhizome extract contains a majority of n-hexadecanoic acid (28.34%), benzoic acid, 2-amino-3-methoxy-, methyl ester (12.25%), and cinnamic acid (11.42%). Moreover, the essential oil and the acetone extracts from B. xiphostachya also possessed antimicrobial properties against a wide spectrum of microorganisms. Conclusion: The results obtained show that B. xiphostachya has great potential for use in biomedicine and related fields