DOI: 10.18413/2658-6533-2025-11-2-0-2

Роль транспозонов в обеспечении эволюционного разнообразия протеомов эукариот (обзор)

Рустам Наилевич Мустафин
Эльза Камилевна Хуснутдинова

Актуальность: Транспозоны составляют значительную долю геномов эукариот и являются объектами для современных генетических исследований, в том числе в проектировании таргетной терапии опухолей. Для оптимального проектирования таких методов важно определить возможные взаимосвязи мобильных генетических элементов с регуляторными элементами генома в связи с происхождением от транспозонов многих белок-кодирующих генов и способных к трансляции некодирующих РНК. Цель исследования:Описать роль мобильных генетических элементов в обеспечении эволюционного разнообразия протеомов эукариот как за счет непосредственного возникновения белок-кодирующих генов от транспозонов, так и путем возникновения от них некодирующих РНК, способных к трансляции. Определить практическую ценность полученных результатов путем анализа вовлечения образуемых из некодирующих РНК пептидов в канцерогенезе. Материалы и методы:Использованы базы данных Scopus, WoS, PubMed для анализа роли транспозонов в возникновении белок-кодирующих генов, микроРНК, длинных некодирующих РНК и кольцевых РНК, об участии образуемых при трансляции данных молекул РНК пептидов в канцерогенезе. Результаты:Согласно проанализированной литературе, транспозоны являются важнейшими источниками возникновения и эволюции белок-кодирующих генов за счет одомашнивания генов мобильных генетических элементов, экзонизации инсертированных ретроэлементов и образования псевдогенов. Большинство длинных некодирующих РНК, кольцевых РНК, многих генов микроРНК, а также их регуляторных элементов в эволюции произошли от транспозонов. У человека достоверно выявлена трансляция 15 длинных некодирующих РНК, 4 при-микроРНК и 6 кольцевых РНК с образованием функциональных пептидов, вовлеченных в механизмы канцерогенеза. Заключение:Возникновение в эволюции большинства генов некодирующих РНК и многих белок-кодирующих генов от транспозонов свидетельствует о возможности использования данных геномных элементов в качестве мишеней для перспективных генетических исследований, в том числе в лечении заболеваний у человека. Свидетельством служат полученные данные о вовлечении в канцерогенез 25 пептидов, образуемых при трансляции некодирующих РНК

Ключевые слова: белок-кодирующие гены, канцерогенез, длинные некодирующие РНК, микроРНК, транспозоны, эволюция.

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Мустафин РН, Хуснутдинова ЭК. Роль транспозонов в обеспечении эволюционного разнообразия протеомов эукариот (обзор). Научные результаты биомедицинских исследований. 025;11(2):215-242. [Mustafin RN, Khusnutdinova EK. The role of transposable elements in formation of evolutionary diversity of eukaryotic proteomes (review). Research Results in Biomedicine. 2025;11(2):215-242. Russian]. DOI:10.18413/2658-6533-2025-11-2-0-2

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Учредитель: федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Белгородский государственный национальный исследовательский университет» (НИУ «БелГУ»). Адрес: 308015, Белгородская область, г. Белгород, ул. Победы, 85.

Издатель: федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Белгородский государственный национальный исследовательский университет» (НИУ «БелГУ»). Адрес: 308015, Белгородская область, г. Белгород, ул. Победы, 85.

Редакция: главный редактор Малютина Анастасия Юрьевна, e-mail: malyutina_a@bsuedu.ru, тел.: +7 (4722) 30-14-03.

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