DOI: 10.18413/2658-6533-2025-11-2-0-2

The role of transposable elements in formation of evolutionary diversity of eukaryotic proteomes (review)

Rustam N. Mustafin
Elza K. Khusnutdinova

Background: Transposable elements make up a significant proportion of eukaryotic genomes and are objects of modern genetic research, including in the design of targeted tumor therapies. For the optimal design of such methods, it is important to determine the possible relationships of transposons with genome regulatory elements, as many protein-coding genes and translatable non-coding RNAs originate from transposons. The aim of the study:To describe the role of transposons in ensuring the evolutionary diversity of eukaryotic proteomes, both through the direct origin of protein-coding genes and translation-capable non-coding RNAs from transposons. To determine the practical value of the results obtained by analysing the involvement of peptides formed from non-coding RNAs in carcinogenesis. Materials and methods: Scopus, WoS, PubMed databases were used to analyse the role of transposons in the origin of protein-coding genes, microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs and circular RNAs, and the involvement of peptides formed during the translation of these RNA molecules in carcinogenesis. Results: According to the literature reviewed, transposons are the most important sources of origin and evolution of protein-coding genes due to their domestication, exonisation of inserted retroelements and formation of pseudogenes. Most long non-coding RNAs, circular RNAs, many microRNA genes and their regulatory elements have evolved from transposons. In humans, the translation of 15 long non-coding RNAs, 4 pri-microRNAs and 6 circular RNAs with the formation of functional peptides involved in carcinogenesis mechanisms was reliably detected. Conclusion: The evolutionary origin of most non-coding RNA genes and many protein-coding genes from transposable elements suggests the prospects of using these genomic elements as targets for advanced genetic research, including the treatment of human diseases. This is evidenced by the data obtained on the involvement of 25 peptides formed during the translation of non-coding RNA in carcinogenesis

Keywords: protein-coding genes, carcinogenesis, long non-coding RNA, microRNA, transposons, evolution.

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Mustafin RN, Khusnutdinova EK. The role of transposable elements in formation of evolutionary diversity of eukaryotic proteomes (review). Research Results in Biomedicine. 2025;11(2):215-242. Russian. DOI:10.18413/2658-6533-2025-11-2-0-2

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