DOI: 10.18413/2658-6533-2026-12-1-0-8

Artificial intelligence models in cardiotocography (review)

Violeta V. Konopleva
Stanislav V. Shamarin

Background: Fetal hypoxia is a pathological state characterized by insufficient oxygen supply to the human fetal tissue. Oxygen deficiency causes a cascade of pathological complications, including decompensation, metabolic acidosis, and, in some cases, fetal death. Cardiotocography (fetal monitoring) is an instrumental method used to assess fetal well-being and screening for fetal distress. Over the past few years, numerous publications on artificial intelligence (AI) in fetal monitoring have appeared. The aim of the study: To evaluate the role of artificial intelligence in fetal monitoring or cardiotocography (CTG) and screening for hypoxia or fetal distress. Materials and methods: A literature review was conducted on the use of artificial intelligence for diagnosing foetal hypoxia or distress during pregnancy and childbirth. Sources from the PubMed, eLIBRARY and Scopus databases published over the past 35 years were used. Results: Analysis of literature data has revealed improvements in the screening of fetal hypoxia using artificial intelligence models in cardiotocography. Machine learning had high diagnostic accuracy compared to traditional methods, ranging from 96.8% to 98.0% and from 80.0% to 84.4%, respectively. Conclusion: Artificial intelligence in cardiotocography improves the screening of fetal hypoxia in the antenatal period and labor. Diagnostic accuracy of artificial intelligence in cardiotocography in screening for hypoxia or fetal distress can exceed 96.0%. Modern diagnostic models based on artificial intelligence in CTG can serve as a virtual digital assistant for obstetricians in making medical decisions.

Keywords: fetal distress, cardiotocography, fetal electrocardiography.

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Konopleva VV, Shamarin SV. Artificial intelligence models in cardiotocography (review). Research Results in Biomedicine. 2026;12(1):112-138. Russian.
DOI: 10.18413/2658-6533-2026-12-1-0-8

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