The etiology and pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: modern insights and age-dependent aspects (review)
Background: Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is a systemic pathological process attributed to the deposition of atherogenic lipoproteins in the intima of blood vessels, following the development of inflammation, cell proliferation and the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, leading to arterial obstruction. Despite a huge data accumulated to date on the etiology and pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, recent advances in the understanding the mechanisms and evolution of this process, its age-dependent aspects require analysis and systematization. This circumstance served as the basis for the analysis of world literature data on the etiology and pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and the characteristics of its formation in an age-dependent context. The aim of the study:To consider from a modern perspective the contribution of the main etiological factors to the development of atherosclerosis and to summarize their significance for the formation of this pathology at the systemic, organ, tissue, cellular and molecular levels in an age-dependent context. Materials and methods: Analysis of literature sources and databases Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Medline, Russian RSCI, Google Scholar, PubMed, Semantic Scholar, Taylor & Francis, Wiley Online Library and Bielefeld Academic Search Engine on the etiopathogenesis of atherosclerosis, published over the past 10 years. Results: This review summarizes current state-of-the art data on risk factors and mechanisms of atherosclerosis (age, gender, smoking, microbiota, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, the role of regulatory RNAs). The evolution of atherosclerotic plaque and age-dependent aspects of the disease are considered from a modern perspective. A detailed description of the role of non-coding RNAs in the development and evolution of atherosclerotic plaques is discussed. Conclusion: Atherosclerosis is a complex pathological process, in the formation of which a large number of factors, genetic and environmental, whose interactions determine the nature and rate of disease progression
Dolgintsev ME, Polonikov AV, Bobyntsev II. The etiology and pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: modern insights and age-dependent aspects (review). Research Results in Biomedicine. 2025;11(2):330-375. Russian. DOI:10.18413/2658-6533-2025-11-2-0-9
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